Case Study of Nuclear Disaster | Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant

Case Study of Nuclear Disaster | Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant 1. Abstract This assignment purpose is to do analysis case studies and the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The purpose of this work is for students to use the appropriate method to verify each problem. To study a range of industries (EAT221), there are several levels of courses. In order to complete this news report, the instructor provides the learning needs of students. It also describes how to improve the Tokyo electric power company management of nuclear power plants, manufacturing and safety. Students study was to create recommendations on the basis of this report the nuclear disaster. This case study is one way to measure the impact or accidents related to the theme of the students in the classroom effectively. In addition, we recommend that the case study, students will analyze the problem in an appropriate way. Introduction Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant also known as Fukushima Dai-ichi is located on a 3.5-square-kilometre (860-acre) between the towns of Futaba and Okuma of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The plant consists of six boiling water reactors (BWR). These light water reactors drove electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GW, making Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. First nuclear power plant was designed, built, and was run in conjunction with General Electric, Boise, and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). March 11, 2011, the 9.0 earthquake and followed by a not expected tsunami to hit at the power plant factory in Japan cause a major damage to the plant. It trigger the evacuation zone of 30 km around the plant which would lead to nuclear radiation leak. The earthquake and tsunami has disabled the cooling system of the nuclear reactor. As of April 2012, Units 1-4 are no longer in operation. In Unit 1 to shut down on April 20, unit 2-4, closed on April 19, 2012 while was the last of these four units. It was the most powerful disaster that have been hit the country so far. It has resulted in a massive tsunami that destroyed many towns and villages, nearly have led to 20 000 people death. 3. Man-Made Disaster From the natural disaster, 9.0 earthquake followed by a tsunami it was truly unfortunately become a man-made disaster when the nuclear reactor melt-function cause many death in the country. The power plant shouldnt have shut down automatically when the earthquake happen because when the plant was build it already have been consider to avoid this accident happen when the natural disaster happen. Japanese parliamentary panel challenged claims by the plants operator, Tokyo Electric Power (Tepco), that the triple meltdown at the plant in north-east Japan had been caused solely by a 14-metre tsunami on 11 March last year. The panel said the magnitude-9 earthquake that preceded the waves could not be ruled out as a cause of the accident. It accused Tepco and regulators at the nuclear and industrial safety agency of failing to take adequate safety measures, despite evidence that the area was susceptible to powerful earthquakes and tsunamis. Since 2006, the regulators and Tepco were aware of the risk that a total outage of electricity at the Fukushima Daiichi plant might occur if a tsunami were to reach the level of the site. But it accused Tepco of ignoring warnings going as far back as 2006 that a tsunami could cause a blackout at the plant. (Acton J.M. Hibbs M, March 2012) It is unknown how TEPCO plans to use broken and damaged reactors but they risk damaging the worlds environment to save money and in their greed and stupidity- they could blow us all up. the dangers of nuclear power -it is not cheap and it is highly dangerous especially when you do not study geography very well. The fact that these nuclear plants were wrongly built on a fault line makes it further a danger to the world and not only Japan. In February 2011, Japans regulatory approval to extend the 10 years of continuous operation of the reactor. It is in the northeast in 2011 a major earthquake and tsunami damage. TEPCO bears critical responsibilities to society as a nuclear operator primarily responsible for nuclear power plant safety. Nevertheless, TEPCO was not sufficiently prepared for such an accident, that natural disasters including tsunami may lead to large-scale core damage. Furthermore, TEPCO had not taken adequate preparedness for tsunami risks beyond design basis at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS. Industrial process and operation of the Fukushima nuclear plant. The reactors for Units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric, those for Units 3 and 5 byToshiba, and Unit 4 by Hitachi. All six reactors were designed by General Electric. Architectural design for General Electrics units was done by Ebasco. All construction was done by Kajima. Since September 2010, Unit 3 has been fueled by a small fraction (6%) of plutonium containing mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, rather than the low enriched uranium (LEU) used in the other reactors. Units 1-5 were built with Mark type (light bulb torus) containment structures. 460 MW boiling water reactors was constructed in July 1967 name Unit 1(BWR-3). Electric start commercial production on March 26, 1971, it originally had been scheduled to shut down in early 2011. Unit 1 is designed for peak acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake response spectra of ground motion for 0.498 g Unit 6 Unit design basis, but rated at 0.45 g(4.41 m / S2) and 0.46 g (4.48 m/s2). In 1978, the Miyagi Prefecture earthquake ground acceleration of 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, check each unit, but found no damage to the key part of the reactor. The design basis tsunami is 5.7 m. An important part of the reactors emergency diesel generators and DC batteries, helps to keep the reactor cool in case of power failure, located in the basement of the reactor turbine room. Plan designated by the General Electric Company generators and batteries placed in the position of the reactor design, but the concern of the construction work of the mid-level engineers factory, which makes backup power systems vulnerable to flooding. Tokyo Electric Power Company elected to strictly follow the design of the General Electric Company, the construct ion of the reactors. How nuclear power station produce electricity? Basically, all power stations use the same method to produce electricity. A turbine rotation is the main as generating electricity. The generator is attached to the shaft of the turbine and turbine turns, electricity will produced in by generator. Electricity is transmitted via a transmission line to the station power distribution agency. In a hydroelectric power plant, the turbine is turned by running water. In thermal power plants, steam is produced by heating the water with the coal and oil burning furnace. In the nuclear power plant, steam is generated by the heat with fission process. Cross-section sketch of a typical BWR Mark I containment, as used in Units 1 to 5. The reactor core (1) consists of fuel rods and moderator rods (39) which are moved in and out by the device (31). Around the pressure vessel (8), there is an outer containment (19) which is closed by a concrete plug (2). When fuel rods are moved in or out, the crane (26) will move this plug to the pool for facilities (3). Steam from the dry well (11) can move to the wet well (24) through jet nozzles (14) to condense there (18). In the spent fuel pool (5), the used fuel rods (27) are stored. How to control the nuclear power plant to generate electricity? Control the operation of the nuclear plant involves two things. Namely the power control generation to maintain the secure and stable level, secondly is to shutdown of the reactor very quickly if needed. In MAPS, the power is kept constant by the use of so-called adjusters. These are stainless steel rods. When these rods are introduced into the reactor vessel, the chain reaction and slows down the production of heat is reduced. If the control rods are slightly pulled out of the reactor vessel, and the chain reaction is the power level increases. When the shutdown is completely, the heavy water is discharged from the reactor vessel in a fraction of a second. In the absence of heavy water in the box, the chain reaction ceasestotally. What are the fuel requirements for a nuclear power station? Compared to the burning of coal, the fission process is far more efficient. One gram of fissionable uranium can produce a million times more heat than one gram of coal. At MAPS which produces 400 MW of electricity, only 20 kg of uranium fuel is required per day, i.e. about one truck load of fuel per month from Hyderabad where the fuel is produced. In comparison, a coal burning thermal power station of the same capacity would require about 2000 tonnes of coal daily, i.e. 2-3 train loads of coal to be transported everyday from the coal mines of Singareni over 1000km away. Also the coal has to be continuously fed to the furnace at the rate of 4 tonnes each minute. At MAPS, fresh fuel is charged into the reactor about once daily. 5. Impact of the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Society The emotional trauma of the devastating events in Japan is overwhelming. Radioactivity has been detected in nearly every state, whether it be in the air, rain water, food or in milk. The fear that arises from hearing about radioactivity being found nearby can cause increased stress and, sometimes, an overwhelming sense of loss of control. As for foods that may be imported from Japan, there are three safety nets in place so you can feel safe eating what you buy at the grocery store. The first safety net is the ban on importing food from within Japans evacuation zone (within about 20 kilometers of the nuclear reactors), the second safety net is Japans monitoring of other foods prior to leaving Japan, and the third safety net is the United States Department of Agriculture, which monitors and inspects our imported food. Ecology A rabbit born after the nuclear explosion was born with no ears and sending fear throughout the world of the mutations and deformities to come. The world has been exposed to very high amounts from five nuclear reactors in Sendai off of Japans east coast, and still to this day they are contaminating all of Japans farms, cities and lands with radioactive material-very dangerous and toxic to humans and animals. http://www.politicolnews.com/japan-nuclear-rabbit-born-with-no-ears/ Health According to a study by Stanford University in June 2012, 130 people died from (bound for estimator in the year is 1100 upper and 15 lower) cancer, and 180 radiation emission limit cancer cases (24 radiation exposure to the workers in the factory in. Japan, can lead to the death of up to 2-12 was predicted mainly there is a lower limit 1800) is a possibility. The emission radiation was an order of magnitude lower than that released from Chernobyl, about 80% of the radioactivity from Fukushima has been deposited on the Pacific Ocean. Precautions taken by the Japanese government may have to reduce the health effects of radiation emitting substantially. Radiation causes such as non-mandatory evacuation of about 600 people to death to be caused by such further has been reported. Evacuation procedures after the accident, may have reduced deaths from radiation by example 3-245 potentially, the best estimate is 28, the projected upper limit of the life that was saved from the shelter even i tself evacuation already is lower than the number of deaths caused by. Radiation exposure may cause 1,300 deaths worldwide and 2,500 cases of cancer in Japan. However, there is a bigger issue. The radiation emitted at Fukushima trigger transplant 16,000 people, which, according to the study, also caused mental illness and psychological impact on these people. Stress, fatigue and even being around other sick people are the main contributors to the mental health of many individuals during the evacuation. The study also identifies how these children are more susceptible to radiation because their cells are dividing more rapidly and radiation-damaged RNA may be brought in the younger generation of cells. In addition, DNA damage is also common among people with prolonged exposure to radiation through land, air and food. Actions taken by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) The roadmap shows the three phases leading up to the end of the decommissioning. Phase 1: In 2 years, begin the process of fuel removal from the spent fuel pools Phase 2: In 10 years, begin removing fuel debris (solidified fuels and claddings that had melted). Phase 3: In 30-40 years, complete fuel debris removal and the processing and disposal of radioactive waste. http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/review/review3_1-e.html Improvement TEPCO have to reconsider including the condition of design flaws and the safety systems/measure after the Fukushima nuclear accident analysis and mitigation. TEPCO have to increase the knowledge management, safety culture, and regulatory oversight and the enforcement. Operator/technical people must know technical measurements in operating NPPs based on stress test results and Passive safety systems for nuclear power plant safety enhancement Study the advanced nuclear power plant with the existing design / passive security capabilities to prevent accidents Chernobyl / Fukushima-type Nuclear accident modeling and simulation and prevention action for disaster. Conclusion

Salbutamol Resistance

The maximum effect can take place within five to fifteen minutes. The other routes are orally (via tablets) and intravenously. Salomon has a number of medical uses, but It is mainly used to treat asthma and exercise Induced bronchus's. Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Is another key use of this drug (diseases In this category Include chronic bronchitis and emphysema). Other less widely applied uses is in treatment of premature labor in obstetrics since the drug can also relax uterine smooth muscles intravenous administration) and in the treatment of cystic fibrosis in combination with other drugs (3).Despite ten Tact Tanat tens Aragua NAS Eden Invaluable In ten treatment AT serious medical conditions like asthma, there is still a serious pitfall in the long-term use of the drug since most people who have been on it for a long duration tend to the develop some form of drug resistance/tolerance to the drug. This results in a slower and less dynamic effect of the drug on patients who have been using it chronically. Therefore, directly translating to the need to adjust dose and frequency of the drug administration, this can become quite a burden to everyone involved.Down regulation of the ;2-receptors and a reduction of their sensitivity (desensitizing) causes this resistance (4). The drug has an intricate mode of action that involves a number of pathways at microscopic cell level. Initially, it acts by binding on beta adrenaline receptors (4). The receptor is coupled to a stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (as – protein) and usually fluctuates between different conformations in the inactive state (5). Once the agonies (Salomon) binds to the receptor, it stabilizes one of the information leading to the activation of the G-protein.The G-protein is a transmigrate signal transducer that has alpha and beta-gamma subunits (6). After activation of the protein the alpha subunit dissociates, resulting in a form that stimulates activity of the enzyme densely cycles (7). This enzyme now increases the production of cyclic adenosine Mephistopheles (CAMP) in the cell. It does this by transforming adenosine troposphere (TAP) into CAMP through depopulation's and structure shifting (8). Increased levels of CAMP results in activation of CAMP- dependent protein kinas A.Protein kingies are enzymes that modify proteins by adding to them a phosphate group(usually derived from TAP). This phosphorescently leads to a functional change in the targeted protein either by altering the enzyme activity, its intracellular location or its interaction with other proteins (9). Protein kinas A is a CAMP dependent kinas and in the activated form, it works in two ways (all of which leads to relaxation of a smooth muscle); first, it decreases the acting- myosin interactions by phosphorescently the myosin light chain (10). Secondly, it lowers intracellular calcium concentration in the smooth muscle cells.This reduction comes about via two well researched and understood mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the regulation of influx and efflux of calcium through the calcium channels in the sarcoma (which is the cell wall). Protein kinas A causes the channels to increase the efflux of calcium from the cell and decreases influx (11). The second mechanism involves the ceroplastic reticulum which is the chief store of calcium in the cell. The kinas stimulates uptake of calcium into the store, therefore, reducing its overall concentration in the cytoplasm (12).The effect of these woo mechanisms (low calcium) leads to smooth muscle relaxation. Lastly, research shows that raised levels of CAMP causes a cessation of the release of mediators of inflammation from mast cells in the respiratory tract (13). All of these elaborate actions give Salomon its potency in dilating constricted airways and reducing obstruction secondary to inflammatory processes. But prolonged use and exposure to this drug leads to development of a resistance to it. Many schools of thought have come up with possible explanations as to now tens napes rater years AT Intense research.However, ten most accepted explanation is down regulation of the ;2-receptors and desensitizing of the same (14). It is now universally accepted that a cell's surface expression of this receptor and its coupling to signaling pathways inside the cell shows a negative feedback loop that works to reduce the cell responsiveness to prolonged occupation of the receptor by agonies lagan's. When an agonies attaches to the receptor, the stabilization involves phosphorescently (15). This usually interferes with how the receptor couples with the Gas-protein; therefore, limiting its function in what is commonly referred to as desensitizing.Desensitizing thus leads to reduction in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways secondary to prolonged receptor stimulation (16). This mechanism of uncoupling is rapid and reversible in nature, usually seen after short-term exposure. Phosphorescently of the receptor usually happens due to protein kinas A dependent pathways or by activation of G-protein receptor kingies named beta -ARKS (17). Tissues of different types show different degrees of this uncoupling when exposed to stimulatory lagan's, and this can be due to the differences in activity of the above mentioned phosphorescently mechanism.Apart from desensitizing another key process leading to Salomon resistance is the receptor down regulation. When ;2-receptors stimulation occurs for prolonged duration, they show a negative feedback mechanism that reduces their quantity of expression on the cell surface (18). The mechanism behind this is not particularly clear, but it is strongly believed to be due to receptor trafficking to lissome for destruction. Research has shown that chronic exposure to Salomon does not only lead to uncoupling but also receptor initialization from the cell surface.Initialization occurs through the process indications, whic h happens via Claritin coated pit endoscope pathway that works by forming buds from the cell membrane (19). When this process begins, Claritin (which is a small intracellular protein) begins to arrange on the inner surface of the cell's plasma membrane below the soon to be internalized receptor. The linear ends then start coming together to form a circular Claritin coated pit that has now engulfed a part of the plasma membrane, the receptor and some extracurricular fluid (20).The pit buds off into the cell and the ends of the plasma membrane come together to correct the deficit left on the surface. This pit is now referred to as a vesicle, and it traffics contents to a cell organelle known as a lissome (21). This organelle has an acidic environment and a number of enzymes that breakdown fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The vesicle fusses with the organelle's membrane and regurgitates its contents leaving the Claritin molecules on the surface (22). The receptor and other contents ar e consequently degraded. This is not the only aspect of down regulation that plays a part in reducing receptor expression.Research has shown that ;2-receptor Mrs. levels significantly reduce in the nucleus when levels of protein kinas A become elevated for long durations (days to months). Clinical features Clinical features of Salomon resistance occur when patients are intolerant to the drug therapy. Recovery, after therapy, is prolonged or absent even after maximum amelioration AT receive dose. I en most gallants clinical Torture appears in the deterioration of asthma and the subsequent exacerbation of the symptoms. Drug resistant asthma presents with (23); Worsening dyspepsia. Continuous wheezing and breathlessness. Chest tightness.These patients have developed tolerance to Salomon, therefore, are resistant to the therapy. With subsequent increase in the dose therapy which is not effective, patients with theoretically hyper-responsiveness with or without exposure to allergens and with the resulting inflammatory changes and bronchi-constriction, asthma worsens. The most severe clinical feature can present like status asthmatics or acute severe asthma. This present as episodes of severe asthma, failing to respond to usual effective doses of Salomon (24). There is progressive respiratory failure even within the course of therapy.This episode can progress to fatal asthma. Patients present with; Significant wheezing and dyspepsia. Severe respiratory distress. Hyperventilation and subsequent respiratory leukemia. Features of metabolic acidosis due to anaerobic respiration and elevated levels of lactate from the respiratory muscles (25). Severe asthma will occur with increasing degree of hyper-reactivity due to intolerance to drug therapy: ineffective relief and loss of bronchitis tone. Clinical feature can also occur as a result of high drug dosage. Resistance causes a patient who is in respiratory distress to use increasing and more frequent doses of albums.High doses produce toxicities which can present with systemic features (26). In the respiratory system; there can be hyperemia. Salomon is a psychosomatic agent (beta 2 agonies) the vacillators effect of beta 2 Zionists increases perfusion of poorly ventilated lung units, transiently decreasing arterial oxygen tension (27). Significance of this effect depends on initial partial pressure of oxygen of the patient. Hyperemia will present clinically as occasions, respiratory distress, and tachyons. There can be paradoxical bronchus's due to the Atonally antagonism to Transcendentalist erect AT SalomonI en spasms, AT the smooth muscles lining the bronchi, are due to psychosomatic action of Salomon and adrenaline stimulation. In the cardiovascular system, the psychosomatic action of Salomon can cause toxicity which might result in cardiac arrhythmias, arterial fibrillation, supercritical tachycardia and extra systole (29). There can be an occurrence of coronary insufficiency due to hyperemia, atheistically and resulting tachycardia, peripheral bastardization with a compensatory small increase in heart rate, hypertension and palpitation. In the endocrine and metabolic system, there can be hypoglycemia.Salomon may stimulate sodium and potassium Tapes which causes redistribution of electrolytes (30). Hyperglycemia in a diabetic patient; Salomon stimulates the beta 2 transporters which stimulate hepatic glycogen breakdown for pancreatic release of clangor which increase plasma glucose. In the central nervous system, overdose of Salomon therapy intolerance can produce CONS symptoms such as insomnia, weakness, dizziness, nervousness, tremors, transient muscle cramps and headache. Rarely reported effects include drowsiness, irritability, chest discomfort and difficulty in instruction (31).Diagnosis Diagnosis of Salomon resistance follows the clinical guidelines of a full comprehensive history of the patient, physical exam, and investigation to confirm the patient's tolerance to drugs. In taking the history certain question might lead to the discovery that a patient previously on Salomon therapy is unresponsive to the drug. When doing a physical exam, clinician should check out for general observation such as respiratory distress and occasions. In doing a systemic exam, focusing on the respiratory system may bring out worsening respiratory function.Clinician may find wheezing with other signs indicative of exacerbated asthma. Investigation Investigative studies are confirmatory and supportive to the diagnosis. The base lines include; Full blood count. Urea electrolyte count. Liver function tests. Random blood sugar if suspecting diabetes. I en consoler long toner tests In prospector s o mol toxicity al u TA Pulmonary function tests Serum blood gas analysis with pH profile Cardiograms to check arrhythmias Gene typing; the cornerstone of Salomon resistance detection is gene typing. Experimental studies have shown that tolerance in asthma is in the polymorphi sm of he DRAB gene.Analysis show that tolerance is in the glycogen allele at position 16 and 21 at the beta receptor gene. Gene typing for polymorphism can aid in identifying patients with drug resistant asthma (32). Management Management can be categorized as supportive, specific, preventive and rehabilitative. Supportive management include; Outpatient monitoring if not severe Admission to a hospital if severe. Severe asthma necessitates immediate admission as it can be fatal. Oxygen therapy. Intubations and mechanical ventilation if severe. Use of parental corticosteroids which are anti-inflammatory.Fluid and electrolyte resuscitation in the case of hypoglycemia. Frequent monitoring of patients to the drug. Specific management is both surgical and medical. Surgical management, research is still underway and ongoing. Medical management includes the use of a second-line therapy like monopolies, astatine and antihistamines. There is also use of cardiac-selective beta adrenaline block ing agents and corticosteroids in Salomon toxicity. Other drugs can be used depending on symptom's of resistance, for example; interventions, insulin and any other depending on the symptoms of the patient.Surgical intervention for example attempting bronchial thermoplastic. This is a bronchitis procedure in which delivered thermal energy to airways; it reduces airway smooth muscle hyper responsiveness. It has been also shown to be beneficial in treatment of severe asthma where continuous therapy has failed. Preventive management Includes gene typing early enough to Isolate patients wilt Salomon resistance by checking the beta AR gene. The other way is to prevent high-drug toxicity. Rehabilitative management of any complication that might occur is essential.

Structure Of Modern Times By Charlie Chaplin - 1574 Words

Hierarchy in a modern capitalist society can be seen in the form of corporations through the capitalist division of labor. In the essay â€Å"What do bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production†, Stephen A. Marglin argues that Adam Smith’s capital division of labor was not due to technological efficiency, but rather due to economic superiority created through hierarchy and specialization in the market. Marglin points out the reasons why hierarchy exists, which is to maximize bosses’ profits, how hierarchical control can result in capitalist instability through mass production, and the impacts of hierarchy on the wellbeing of factory workers, as best exemplified in the film â€Å"Modern Times† by Charlie Chaplin.†¦show more content†¦In the first act of â€Å"Modern Times†, the manager commanding the line of workers like Chaplin’s character, Little Tramp, to speed up their production by five times exempl ifies how bosses control the production out of their best economic interests. Even in the sharecropping system, for example, landowners have the power to choose the type of crops to produce whereas tenants do not. The existence of hierarchy demonstrates the integration role of the bosses in combining separate operations of production process. The specialization and separation of worker task inquires an overlook of the business by a manager. Since each individual worker is assigned and stuck to only a small task of the production process, the bosses undertake the role of providing discipline and supervision to connect those separate tasks together to minimize the costs of production. Consequently, under the longwall system with mechanized separate tasks, the supervision of bosses is responsible for the success of capitalism, not technological superiority. The image of the feeding machine in â€Å"Modern Times† provides a critical example of how advanced machines might not help facilitate the accomplishments of the factory. Thus, some researchers have attributed the prosperity of a corporation to the development and management of work organization by the bosses, whom are the exploiters of the capitalist system. 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Pros And Cons Of Starting A Business - 1766 Words

Starting a business is very much time consuming and exhausting but it can definitely be worth it. Not everything in life is made to be easy and that should be the reminder when deciding to make a huge life decision. In order to start a business there are many routes to take and different options to consider. Making the decision to start a business should not come over night but rather a well thought out plan that involves many tough decisions. As with any decision, it is in a person’s best interest to carefully consider based on the pros and cons of starting a business during today’s market. Carefully examining the pros and cons is essential and should not be taken lightly. In the business world, there are countless factors that contribute to a successful work environment. It is highly relevant to identify difficulties and impairments when building an establishment. Interestingly enough there is a relationship between gender and having a successful business. Although th is is not a reason to be hesitant to start a new business, the facts should be considered so the business can be improved. This can be a disadvantage to women entrepreneurs and unfortunately, a con in today’s market. According to Kodama and Odaki (2011) females are less likely to start their business than males because they face barriers associated with human capital, such as a lack of education or experience. Additionally, females may face discrimination from customers or investors. Although women areShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons to Starting a Business Partnership2191 Words   |  9 PagesI- Introduction There are many pros and cons for starting a partnership. A partnership is simple, inexpensive and easy to start. Partnerships formalities are relaxed where there are no required annual meetings, as compared to other formations. 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