Essay examples --

Since the mid-1990s, the United Nations (UN) and other multilateral bodies have asserted authority for the administration of war-torn territories and shouldered the responsibility of placing them on the trajectory of political change (Knoll 2008: 2). In 1995, right after Dayton Peace Agreement, the UN assumed responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Chesterman 2004: 2). In 1999, following NATO’s armed intervention in Kosovo, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1244 establishing the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (Brabandere 2009: 37). Just a few months later, a transitional administration was created with effective sovereignty over East Timor until independence (UNTAET). These expanding mandates continued a trend that began with the operations in Namibia in 1989 and Cambodia in 1993, where the United Nations exercised varying degrees of civilian authority in addition to supervising elections (Chesterman 2004: 2). However, although the UN had assumed responsibility in 68 countries since 1948, the missions in Bosnia, Kosovo, and East Timor are commonly seen as unique in the history of the United Nations (Chesterman 2004; Doyle 2001; Chopra 1998; Wolfrum 2005; Stahn 2008). First, international administrations of these countries represent the most comprehensive missions ever deployed by the United Nations. Second, these cases also represent clear examples of democratic regime-building efforts on the part of international administrators. In the three cases, democratic regime-building has been an explicit goal, and international administrators have sought to oversee and involve themselves in a full process of regime change (Tansey 2009). Lastly, the three cases also display variation on both independent a... ...lack of interviews or surveys represents a limitation in this respect. These gathering-data techniques could enormously supplement the present paper in addition to primary documents, academic literature and non-academic materials published by think-tanks and NGOs. Second, following Przeworski et. al. (2000) and Mainwaring et. al. (2001), the present paper it leaves out substantive results such as social equality and economic development. Nevertheless, although these caveats are significant and may serve as the impetus for further research they do not overshadow the modest endeavor of the present paper. As Mainwaring et. al. (2000) suggests, by applying a trichotomous scale with a modest information demand, the number of coding errors significantly would be reduced and thus achieve greater reliability than would be possible under a more demanding measurement scale.

Gordon Bennett Artist Essay

Gordon Bennett was born on 8 October 1955 in Monto, Queensland of Aboriginal and English/Scottish heritage. Bennett enrolled as a mature–age student at Queensland College of Art in 1986 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Fine Arts) degree in 1988. Gordon Bennett is a contemporary artist and says his earlier art work where influenced by his personal experiences. Bennett’s work is defining Australian Culture and Aboriginal History, he wanted to change the way Australia and the world saw Indigenous Australians. Bennett includes a focus on the role and power of language, including visual representations, in shaping identity, culture, social issues and history. Bennett’s work alludes to visual and verbal violence of history of black and white relations, his scenes from outside Australia, deconstructing history and exposing the ideologies and structures that shape history. Bennett works both in traditional easel paintings and in multi-media, Photography, printmaking, video, performance and installation. The critical and aesthetic strategies of postmodernism have had significant impact on the development of his art practice. His work is layered and complex and often incorporates images, styles or references drawn from sources such as social history text books, western art history and Indigenous art. The emphasis on making ‘art about art’ which is the focus of his non-representational abstract paintings, contrasts clearly with the focus on social critique that was integral to Bennett’s earlier work, and is intended to provoke viewers thinking and opens up new possibilities for understanding the subjects he explores.

Mother Tongue: Thesis Paragraph

Mother Tongue: The Struggles of Communication Communication is arguably the most essential and powerful part of everyday life. Societies ability to run smoothly, efficiently and benefit as many people as possible, hinges greatly on communication and how effectively it is used. We need to communicate to get new and innovative ideas across, to state opinions, to sort our arguments and most importantly, to better understand those around us.The short story Mother Tongue by Amy Tan addresses the reality that the inability to communicate effectively and see the different perspectives of those around us can hinder the flow of society and often block us from new ideas and potential. Communication is different for everyone as shown by the narrator’s mother, and how she has difficulty expressing her ideas so that other’s understand and respect her.We can see that she is still a very intelligent woman who has a great understanding of the world around her even though some view her language as â€Å"broken†. Amy argues that standardised tests are not adequate indicators of intelligence because there are many different types of intelligence, and the test only covers one type. Lastly, because the narrator has grown up with what others see as limited exposure to â€Å"proper† language, she is dissuaded by teachers (as our many others in similar circumstances) from pursuing a future in English.The theme of the importance of communication in this story is very prevalent in today’s society because of the recent flood of immigrants to Canada, and the importance that they integrate well into Canadian society so we can run smoothly as the diverse country that we are. We need to reach an understanding that because lifestyles and habits l differ from our own, it does not make them worse or less valuable.

The 10 Most Unusual International Borders

The 10 Most Unusual International Borders Every country (except for some island nations) borders another country, but that doesn’t mean every border is the same. From large lakes to a shared collection of islands, national borders are more than just lines on a map. 1. Angle Inlet In far southeastern Manitoba, Canada, lies an inlet of the Lake of the Woods that is part of the United States. Also known as the Northwest Angle, this exclave of the United States, considered part of Minnesota, can only be reached from Minnesota by traveling over the Lake of Woods or by traveling through Manitoba or Ontario. 2. Azerbaijan-Armenia Between the Azerbaijan and Armenia border, there are a combined total of four exclaves or islands of territory that lie in the opposite country. The largest exclave is Azerbaijans Naxcivan exclave, a not insignificant piece of territory located within Armenia. Three tiny exclaves also exist- two additional Azerbaijan exclaves in northeastern Armenia and one Armenian exclave in northwestern Azerbaijan.   3. United Arab Emirates-Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates-Oman The boundary between the United Arab Emirates and its two neighboring countries, Oman and Saudi Arabia is not clear. The boundary with Saudi Arabia, defined in the 1970s, has not been publicly announced, so cartographers and officials draw the line at their best estimate. The border with Oman is not defined. Nonetheless, these boundaries lie within a fairly inhospitable desert, so boundary demarcation is not an urgent issue at this time. 4. China-Pakistan-India (Kashmir) The Kashmir region where India, Pakistan, and China meet in the Karakoram Range is incredibly complex. This map illuminates some of the confusion. 5. Namibias Caprivi Strip Northeastern Namibia has a panhandle that extends far east several hundred miles and separating Botswana from Zambia. The Caprivi Strip provides Namibia access to the Zambezi River near the Victoria Falls. The Caprivi Strip is named for German Chancellor Leo von Caprivi, who made the panhandle part of German South-West Africa to provide Germany access to Africas eastern coast. 6. India-Bangladesh-Nepal Less than twenty miles (30 kilometers) separate Bangladesh from Nepal, squeezing India so that far eastern India is almost an exclave. Of course, prior to 1947, Bangladesh was part of British India and thus this border situation did not exist until the independence of India  and Pakistan (Bangladesh was initially part of independent Pakistan). 7. Bolivia In 1825, Bolivia gained independence and its territory included the Atacama and thus access to the Pacific Ocean. However, in its war with Peru against Chile in War of the Pacific (1879-83), Bolivia lost its ocean access and became a landlocked country. 8. Alaska-Canada Southeastern Alaska contains a peninsula of rocky and icy islands, known as the Alexander Archipelago, that cuts Canadas Yukon Territory as well as northern British Columbia off from the Pacific Ocean. This territory is Alaskan, and thus part of the United States.   9. Territorial Claims on Antarctica Seven countries claim pie-shaped wedges of Antarctica. While no nation can modify its territorial claim nor can any nation act upon such a claim, these straight boundaries that typically lead from 60 degrees south to the South Pole divide up the continent, overlapping in some instances but also leaving significant segments of the continent unclaimed (and unclaimable, according to the principles of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959). This detailed map shows the boundaries of the competing claims. 10. The Gambia The Gambia lies entirely within Senegal. The river-shaped country was started when British merchants obtained the trading rights along the river. From those rights, The Gambia eventually became a colony and then an independent country.

Research Paper

Research Paper Like most Disney material, nature themes were incorporated into the earliest parks, including Adventureland, Frontierland, Natures Wonderland, and the newest, Animal Kingdom. Disney carefully edited these natural settings that show the less wild side of the wilderness. However, how does the tourist comprehend the illusions? How are the plants and animals adapting to reflect the illusion, and how are they accented by the interactions with both human nature and Disneys technological nature? These questions and more will be answered within the following sections: Definitions, Technological Nature, Kilamanjaro Safari, and The Final Answer. The Animal Kingdom is a modern exhibit designed to follow the natural pattern of an African community. The most eye-popping attraction, the Kilamanjaro Safari, is an open-air, nearly barrier-free animal reserve at Floridas Walt Disney World. It was a major shift from a cow playground to a zone of care for other wise caged animals. Here, African animals freely roam through acres of savanna, rivers, and rocky hills. The rider is advised to be aware, You never know what could happen in the wilderness (Tate 1). Before I can begin to consider the nature of the Animal Kingdom, the definitions of nature and technology must be established. Websters American College Dictionary lists nature as the natural world as it exists without human beings or civilization. In the case of the Animal Kingdom, this definition is inappropriate because Disney itself is a man-made civilization, with merchants, restaurants, and restroom facilities. Technology is defined as that branch of knowledge that deals with applied science, engineering and the industrial arts. This definition of technology can be reworked to fit the Disney model of nature. What exactly does Disney do? ...

Advertising and Product

Expressed usually as a percentage of  target market, brand awareness is the primary goal of  advertising  in the early months or years of a  products introduction. [1] Brand awareness is the extent to which the consumer associates the brand with the product he desires to buy. It is the brand recall and the brand recognition of the company to the consumers. Brand recall is the ability of the consumer to recollect the brand with reference to the product where as brand recognition is the potential of the consumer to retrieve the past knowledge of the brand when enquired about the brand or shown an image of the brand  logo. Brand awareness is an essential part of  brand development  which helps the brand to stand out from the others in this monopolistically competitive market. A brand name that is well known to the great majority of households is also called a  household name. - Importance  [edit] Awareness, attitudes, and usage (AAU) metrics relate closely to what has been called the Hierarchy of Effects, an assumption that customers progress through sequential stages from lack of awareness, through initial purchase of a product, to brand loyalty. In total, these AAU metrics allow companies to track trends in customer knowledge and attitudes. [2] Brand awareness plays a major role in a consumer’s buying decision process. The knowledge of an acquaintance or friend having used the product in the past or a high recognition of the product through constant advertisements and associations coaxes the person to make his decision in the favour of the brand. The eventual goal of most businesses is to make profits and increase sales. Businesses intend to increase their consumer pool and encourage repeat purchases. Apple is a brilliant example of how there is a very high recognition of the brand logo and high anticipation of a new product being released by the company. An iPod is the first thing that pops into our minds when we think of purchasing an mp3 player. iPod is used as a replaceable noun to describe an mp3 player. Finally, high brand awareness about a product suggests that the brand is easily recognizable and accepted by the market in a way that the brand is differentiated from similar products and other competitors. Brand building also helps in improving brand loyalty. - Types of Brand Awareness  [edit] Aided Awareness- This type of awareness is generated in a consumer. When asked about a product category, if the consumer is aided with a list of company names and he recognizes the company from the given set it is categorized as aided awareness. Top of the mind Awareness- When the name of the company is automatically recollected because the consumer very promptly associates the brand with the product category, it is called a top of the mind awareness of the product. [3] - Methodologies  [edit] Mokhira discussion in industry and practice about the meaning and value of various brand awareness metrics. Recently, an  empirical  study appeared to put this debate to rest by suggesting that all awareness metrics were systematically related, simply reflecting their difficulty, in the same way that certain questions are more difficult in academic exams. [4] Channels of Brand Awareness  [edit] There are many ways to generate brand awareness in the consumers. Listed below are four such channels Advertising  is the activity or profession of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial products or services. 5]  Advertising is used through various media to generate brand awareness within consumers. They can be aired as radio ads, television commercials, internet etc. Guerrilla Marketing  tactics allow every small firm to compete with bigger firms by carving out narrow but profitable niches. These tactics include (1) extreme specialization, (2) aiming every effo rt at favourably impressing the customers, (3) providing service that goes beyond the customers expectations, (4) fast response time, (5) quick turnaround of jobs, and (6) working hours that match the customers requirements. The term Guerrilla Marketing is a registered trademark of author Jay Levinson who popularized it through his several Guerrilla books. [6] It is an out of the ordinary way of marketing a product. Low-cost channels can be utilised to generate a high level of interest in the product and create brand awareness. Utilisation of personal contacts is the most popular way of guerrilla marketing. Product Placement is an advertising technique used by companies to subtly promote their products through a non-traditional advertising technique, usually through appearances in film, television, or other media. 6] A formal agreement between the product manufacturer and a media company can be generated through which the media company also receives an economic benefit, usually in the form of a fee. The media company in return will showcase the product through any of the various means they have available to make the brand stand out. Some people, however, consider product placement to be deceptive and une thical. For example, Coca-Cola could pay a given fee to have the title character drinking a Coke, instead of a Pepsi beverage, or Toyota might pay to have one of the characters drive their newest automobile. Through product placement, companies hope that moviegoers will take note of the products used by the characters, and therefore think more strongly about using the products themselves. Social Media is the most contemporary and cost effective way of creating a brand awareness with an online audience. Many companies use social media like facebook, youtube, blogs What is Advertising : The word advertising is derived from the Latin word viz, advertero   ad meaning towards and verto meeting towards and verto meaning. I turn literally specific thing. Simply stated advertising is the art says green. Advertising is a general term for and all forms of publicity, from the cry of the street boy selling newspapers to the most celebrate attention attracts device. The object always is to bring to public notice some articles or service, to create a demand to stimulate buying and in general to bring logethel the man with something to sell and the man who has means or desires to buy. Advertising ha s been defined by different experts. Some of the quoted definition are :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American marketing association has defined advertising as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. The medium used are print broad cast and direct. Stanton deserves that Advertising consists of all the activities involved in presenting to a group a non- personal, oral or visual openly, sponsored message regarding a product, service, or idea. This message called an advertisement is disseminated through one or more media and is paid for by the identified sponsor. Advertising is any paid form of non – personal paid of presentation of ideas goods or services by an identified sponsor. Advertising is a non- personal paid message of commercial significance about a product, service or company made to a market by an identified sponsor. In developing an advertising programme, one must always start by identifying the market needs and buyer motives and must make five major decisions commonly referred as 5M (mission, money message, media and measurement) of advertising. Basic Features of Advertising On the basis of various definitions it has certain basic features such as : 1. It is a mass non-personal communication. 2. It is a matter of record. 3. It persuades buyers to purchase the goods advertised. 4. It is a mass paid communication. 5. The communication media is diverse such as print (newspapers and magazines) 6. It is also called printed salesmanship because information is spread by means of the written and printed work and pictures so that people may be induced to act upon it. Functions of Advertising For many firms advertising is the dominant element of the promotional mix – particulars for those manufacturers who produce convenience goods such as detergent, non – prescription drugs, cosmetics, soft drinks and grocery products. Advertising is also used extensively by maters of automobiles, home appliances, etc, to introduce new product and new product features its uses its attributes, pt availability etc. Advertising can also help to convince potential buyers that a firms product or service is superior to competitors product in make in quality, in price etc. t can create brand image and reduce the likelihood of brand switching even when competitors lower their prices or offer some attractive incentives. Advertising is particularly effective in certain other spheres too such as : i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  When consumer awareness of products or service is at a minimum. ii)  Ã‚  When sales are increasing for all terms in an industry. iii)  When a product is new and incorporate s technological advance not strong and. iv)  When primary buying motive exists. It performance the following functions : i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotion of sales ii)  Ã‚  Introduction of new product awareness. iii)  Mass production facilitation v)  Carry out research v)  Ã‚  Education of people. TYPES OF ADVERTISING Broadly speaking, advertising may be classified into two categories viz. , product and institutional advertising. a)Product Advertising The main purpose of such advertising is to inform and stimulate the market about the advertisers products of services and to sell these. Thus type of advertising usually promote specific, trended products in such a manner as to make the brands seam more desirable. It is used by business government organization and private non-business organizations to promote the uses features, images and benefits of their services and products. Product advertising is sub-divided into direct action and indirect action advertising, Direct action product advertising wages the buyer to take action at once, ice he seeks a quick response to the advertisement which may be to order the product by mail, or mailing a coupon, or he may promptly purchase in a retail store in response to prince reduction during clearance sale. Product advertising is sub-divided into direct amp; indirect action advertising amp; product advertising aims at informing persons about what a products is what it does, how it is used and where it can be purchased. On the other hand selective advertising is made to meet the selective demand for a particular brand or type is product. b)Institutional Advertising : It is designed to create a proper attitude towards the sellers to build company image or goodwill rather than to sell specific product or service. Its purpose is to create a frame of mind and to implant feeling favourable to the advertisers company. Its assignment is to make friends for the institution or organization. It is sub-divided into three categories : patronage, public, relations and public service institutional advertising. )  Ã‚  In patronage institutional advertising the manufacturer tells his prospects and customer about himself his policies and lives personnel. The appeals to the patronage motivation of buyers. If successful, he convince buyers that his operation entitles him to the money spent by them. ii)  Public relations institutional advertising is used to create a favourable image of the firm among employees, sto ck-holders or the general public. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public service institutional advertising wages public support. c)Other Types : The other types are as follows : i)  Ã‚  Consumer advertising i)  Ã‚  Comparative advertising iii)  Reminder advertising iv)  Reinforcement advertising ADVERTISING OBJECTIVES The long term objectives of advertising are broad and general, and concern the contribution   advertising should make to the achievement of overall company objectives. Most companies regard advertisingly main objective as hat of proving support to personal selling and other forms of promotion. But advertising is a highly versatile communications tools and may therefore by used for achieving various short and long term objectives. Among these objectives are the following : 1. To do the entire selling job (as in mail order marketing). 2. To introduce a new product (by building brand awareness among potential buyers). 3. To force middlemen to handle the product (pull strategy). 4. To build brand preference 9by making it more difficult for middleman to sell substitutes). 5. To remind users to buy the product (retentive strategy). 6. To publicize some change in marketing strategy (e. g. , a price change, a new model or an improvement in the product). 7. To provide rationalization (i. e. Socially acceptable excuses). 8. To combat or neutralize competitors advertising. . To improve the moral of dealers and/or sales people (by showing that the company is doing its share of promotion). 10. To acquaint buyers and prospects with the new uses of the product (to extend the PLC). BENEFITS The functions of advertisement, and that purpose its ethics, may be discussion below : 1. It leads to cheaper prices. No advertiser could live in the highly competitive arena of mode rn business if his methods of selling were more costly than those of his rivals. 2. It acquaints the public with the features of the goods and advantages which buyers will enjoy. 3. It increases demand for commodities and this results in increased production. Advertising : a)  Creates and stimulates demand opens and expands the markets; b)  Creates goodwill which loads to an increase in sales volume; c)  Reduces marketing costs, particularly product selling costs. d)  Satisfied consumer demands by placing in the market what he needs. 4. It reduces distribution expenses in as much as it plays the part of thousands of salesman at a home. Information on a mass scale relieves the necessity of expenditure on sales promotion staff, and quicker and wider distribution leads to diminishing of the distribution costs. . It ensures the consumers better quality of goods. A good name is the breath of the life to an advertiser. 6. By paying the way for large scale production and increased industrialization, advertising   contributes its quota to the profit of the companies the prosperity of the shareholder the uplifts of the wage earners and the solution of he unempl oyment problem. 7. It raises the standard of living of the general public by impelling it to use to articles of modern types which may add to his material well being. Modern advertising has made the luxuries of yesterday the necessities of today It is a positive creative force in business. It makes two blades of grass grow in the business world where one grew before. 8. It establishes the goodwill of the concern for the test articles produced by it and in course of time they sell like not cakes consumer search for satisfaction of their needs when they purchase goods what they want from its beauty, superiority, economy, comfort, approval, popularity, power, safety, convenience, sexual gratification and so on. The manufactures therefore tries to improve this goodwill and reputation by knowing the buyer behaviour. To sum up it may be said that advertising aims at committing the producers, educating the consumer, supplementing the salesman converting the producer and the dealer to eliminate the competitor, but above all it is a link between the produce and the consumer. WHY amp; WHEN TO ADVERTISE Advertising as a tool to marketing not only reaches those who buy , but also those whose opinions or authority is counted for example a manufacturer of marble tiles and building boards advertises not only to people who intend to build houses but also to architect and engineers. While the manufacturers of pharmaceuticals products advertise to doctors as well as to the general public. At time it is necessary for a manufacturer or a concern to advertise things which it does not sell but which when sold stimulates the sales of its own product. There are concerns like electric heaters, iron etc. because the use of these increases the demand for their products. Advertising should be used only when it promises to bring good result more economically and efficiently as compared to other means of selling. There are goods for which much time and efforts are required in creating a demand by sending salesman to prospective buyers than by simply advertising them. In the early days of the cash register in America it was sold by specially trained salesman who called on the prospective users and had the difficult task of convincing them that they could no longer carry on with the old methods, and that they urgently needed a cash register. In our country certain publishers have found it less costly to sell their books by sending salesman from house to house among prospective buyers than to advertise them. In these two examples the cost of creating demand would be too high if attempted by advertising alone under such circumstances advertising is used to make the salesman acceptable to the people they call upon to increase the confidence of the public in the house. Naturals when there are good profits competitors will be attracted and they should be kicked out as and when sufficient capital is available by advertising on a large scale. Immediate result may not justify the increased expenditure but it will no doubt secure future sales. DESIGNING ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN : An advertising is an organized series of advertising messages. It has been defined as a planned, co-ordinate series of promotional efforts built around a central theme and designed to reach a specified goals. In other words, it is an orderly planned effort consisting of related but self – contained and independent advertisements. The campaign may appear in one more media . it has single theme or keynote idea and a single objective or goal. Thus, a unified theme of content provides psychological continuity throughout the campaign while visual and oral similarity provide physical continuity. In short run, all campaign want pre-determined psychological reaction in the long run, practically all campaigns have sales goal. The series of advertisements used in the campaign must be integrated with the sales promotional efforts and with the activities of the sales force. Campaign vary in length some may run only for a few days, other for weeks, yet other for a season or the entire year. Usually a range of 3 to 6 months includes many campaigns. Many factors influences campaign length such as competitors advertising media, policies, seasonal falls curves of the product involved, the size of the advertising funds, campaign objectives and the nature of the advertisers marketing programme. OBJECTIVES OF CAMPAIGN The advertising campaign, especially those connected with the consumers aims at achieving these objectives : i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  To announce a new product or improve product. ii)  Ã‚  To hold consumers patronage against intensified campaign use. iii)  To inform consumers about a new product use. iv)  To teach consumers how to use product. )  Ã‚  To promote a contest or a premium offer. vi)  To establish a new trade regional, and vii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To help solve a coca regional problem. The institutional advertising campaign on the other hand, have these objectives. i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  To create a corporate personality or image. ii)  Ã‚  To build a company prestige. iii)  To keep the company name before the public . iv)  To emphasize company services and facilities. v)  Ã‚  To enable company salesman to see top executive consistently when making sales calls, and vi)  To increase friendliness and goodwill towards the company. Developing the campaign programmes. The advertising campaigns are prepared by the advertising agencies, which work an behalf of their clients who manufacture product or service enterprises, which have services to sell. The word campaign is used because advertising agencies approach their task with a sum Blanca of military fanfare in which one frequently hears words like target audience logistics, zero in and tactics and strategy etc. The account executive co-ordinates the work in a campaign. The creation of an advertising campaign starts with an exploration of consumers habits and psychology in relation to the product. This requires the services of statistical trained in survey techniques and of others trained in social psychology. Statisticians select samples for survey which are done by trained interviewers who visits individuals, included in the sample and ask question to find out about their taste and habits. This enquiry often leads to a change in a familiar product. For instance bathing soap may come in several new colours or cigarette in a new packet or talcum powder in another size. Such interviews are often quite essential to find out the appeal of advertising message for a product that would be most effective with consumers. David Ogilvy describes a consumers survey to find out the most meaningful benefit in which women are interested when they buy a face cream. The largest preference as given to Cleans deep into pores followed in order of importance by prevent dryness, is a complete beauty treatment, recommended by skin doctors makes skin look younger contains estrogenic hormones, pasteurized for purity, prevent skin form aging, smooth our wrinkles ogilvy concludes, form this voting come one of Helena Rubinsteins most successful face creams. We christened it deep cleanser, thus, building the winning form into name of the product. After getting the data the account executive puts together the essential elements of his clients brief, interprets the research findings and draws up what he calls the advertising strategy. STAGE IN ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Several steps are required to developed an advertising campaign the number of stages and exact order in which they are carried out may vary according to an organisations resources, the nature of its product and the types of audiences to be reached. The major stages/step are : 1. Identifying and analyzing the advertising. 2. Defining advertising objects. 3. Creating the advertising platform. 4. Determining the advertising appropriation. 5. Selection media plan. 6. Creating the advertising message. 7. Evaluating the effectiveness of advertising. 8. Organizing of advertising campaign. 1. Identifying amp; Analyzing the Advertising target : Under this step it is to decided as to whom is the firm trying to reach with   the message. The advertising target is the group of people towards which advertisements are aimed at four this purpose complete information about the market target i. e. the location and geographical location of the people, the distribution of age, income, sex, educational level, and consumers attitudes regarding purchase and use both of the advertising product and competing products is needed with better knowledge of market target, effective advertising campaign can be developed on the other hand, if the advertising target is not properly identified and analyzed the campaign is does likely to be effective. . Determining the advertising objectives : The objectives of advertisement must be specifically and clearly defined in measurable terms such as to communicate specific qualities about a particulars product to gain a certain degree of penetration in a definite audience of a given size during a given period of time, increase sales by a certain percentage or increase the firms market shares.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The goals of advertising may be to : i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create a favourable company image by acquainting the public with the services offered available to the employees and its achievements. i)  Ã‚  Create consumers or distributor awareness by encouraging requests providing information about the types of products sold; providing information about the benefits to be gained from use of the companys products or services; and indicating how product (or services) can be used; iii)  Encourage immediate sales by encouraging potential purchasers through special sales contests, getting recommendation of professional people about companys products etc. iv)  Ã‚  It secures action by the reader through associating ideas, repetition of the same name in different contexts, immediate action appeal. . Creating the Advertising platform : An advertising platform consists of the basic issues or selling points that an advertiser wishes to include in the advertising campaign. A single adve rtisement in an advertising campaign may contain one or more issues in the platform. A motorcycle producers advertising platform should contain issues which are of importance to consumers filling and such issues also be those which the competitive product do not posses. 4. Determining the Advertising Appropriation: The advertising appropriation is the total amount of money which   marketer allocates. For advertising for a specific time period. Determining the campaign budget involves estimating now much it will cost to achieve the campaigns objectives. If the campaign objectives are profit relating and stated quantitatively, then the amount of the campaign budget is determined by estimating the proposed campaigns effectiveness in attaining them. If campaigns object is to build a particular type of company image, then there is little basis for predicting either the campaigns effectiveness or determining the budget required. 5. Selecting the Media : Media selection is an important since it costs time space and money various factors influence this selection, the most fundamental being the nature of the target market segment, the type of the product and the cost involved. The distinctive characteristics of various media are also important. Therefore management should focus its attention on media compatibility with advertising objectives. | Media| Form| 1. | Press Advertising or Print|   | i)| Newspapers| City, Small town, Sundays, Daily, weekly, Fortnightly, quarterlies, financial and annuals, English, vernacular or regional languages. ii)| Magazines| General or special, illustrated or otherwise, English, Hindi, Regional language. | iii)| Trade amp; Technical Journals, Industrial year books, commercial, directories, telephone,   Directories, references books amp; annuals. | Circulated all over the country and among the industrialist and business magnates. | 2. | Direct Mail| Circulars, catalogues, leaflets, brochures, booklets , folders, colanders, blotters, diaries amp; other printed material. | 3. | Outdoor or Traffic| Poster and bills on walls, railways stations platforms outside public buildings trains, buses. 4. | Broadcast or radio and T. V. | Spot, Sectional or national trade cost| 5. | Publicity| Movie Slides and films non theatrical and documentary films metal plates and signs attaches to trees. | 6. | House to house| Sampling , couponing, free gifts, novelties, demonst-rations. | 7. | Dealer aids| Counter and widows display   demonstration given by retailer or the advertises goods. | 8. | Internet| Today, Internet is a big spot for advertising. | So these are the media of the advertising campaign of the selecting of the media. 6. Creating the Advertising Messages : This is an important stage of advertising campaign. The contents of the message has to be very carefully drafted in the advertisement. Characteristics of person in the advertising target influence the message content and form. An advertisers must use words, symbols and illustration that are meaningful, familiar and attractive to those persons. The type of media also influence the content and form of the message. 7. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Advertising : The effectiveness of advertising is measured for a variety of reasons : a)  Ã‚  To determine whether a campaign   accomplished its advertising objects. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To evaluate the relative effectiveness of several advertisements to ascertain which copy, illustrations or layout is   best. c)  Ã‚  To determine the strengths and weaknesses of various media and media plans. In other words, measuring advertising effectiveness is needed to determine whether proposed advertisement should be used and if they will be no w they might be improved; and whether going campaign should be stopped, continued or changed. In accomplishing these purposes, pretests and post test are conducted. The former tests before exposing target consumers to advertisements and the letter after consumers have been exposed to advertisements and the letter after consumers have been exposed to advertisements. For an effective advertising programme, the advertising manager requires a basic understanding of the medium that is going to carry it. For effectively using advertising the management must test advertising to know which of the advertisement to know which of the advertisement have proved profitable and why as compared to others. - Customer satisfaction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in  marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals. [1]  In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses. 1] It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a  Balanced Scorecard. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. [2] Within organizations, customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects. They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers’ expectations. Furthermore, when these ratings dip, they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability. . . These metrics quantify an important dynamic. When a brand has loyal customers, it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing, which is both free and highly effective. [1] Therefore, it is essential for businesses to effectively manage customer satisfaction. To be able do this, firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction. In researching satisfaction, firms generally ask customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations. Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction. When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying. For this reason, a luxury resort, for example, might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel—even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in absolute terms. [1] The importance of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased  bargaining power. For example,  cell phone  plan providers, such as  ATamp;T  and  Verizon, participate in an industry that is an  oligopoly, where only a few suppliers of a certain product or service exist. As such, many cell phone plan contracts have a lot of  fine print  with provisions that they would never get away if there were, say, a hundred cell phone plan providers, because customer satisfaction would be way too low, and customers would easily have the option of leaving for a better contract offer. There is a substantial body of empirical literature that establishes the benefits of customer satisfaction for firms. You can check out the retails shops using this link http://www. sony. co. in/section/retailshops Here is what I found RAJEEV ELETRONICS P. S. ROAD GANGTOK – 737101 T:03592-223779 BLUE MOON ENTERPRISES DAMTHANG ROAD NAMCHI SOUTH SIKKIM GANGTOK – 737126 T:03595-264984 PRAPTI COMMODITIES TADOONG GANGTOK – 737101 T:9233464645 LCE amp; LED (DETAIL) http://www. sony. co. in/bravia-lcd-tv/feature/Sony-Entertainment-Network/498174 * KLV-32CX350 *  »BRAVIA Engineâ„ ¢ 3 *  »Photo Frame mode *  »Clear resolution enhancer Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  28,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. ) + Compare * KLV-22CX350 *  »BRAVIA Engineâ„ ¢ 3  »Photo Frame mode *  »Clear resolution enhancer Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  16,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. ) + Compare * KLV-40BX450 *  »BRAVIA Engine 3â„ ¢ *  »Clear resolution enhancer *  »Full HD 1080 picture quality Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  48,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. ) + Compar e * KLV-32BX350 *  »BRAVIA Engine 3â„ ¢ *  »Clear resolution enhancer *  »BRAVIA Sync Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  27,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. + Compare * KLV-26BX350 *  »BRAVIA Engine 3â„ ¢ *  »Clear resolution enhancer *  »BRAVIA Sync Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  22,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. ) + Compare * KLV-22BX350 *  »BRAVIA Engine 3â„ ¢ *  »Clear resolution enhancer *  »BRAVIA Sync Standard Retail PriceMRP  Rs  15,900(MRP inclusive of all taxes. Quoted MRP is for 1 unit of the product. ) + Compare ledlllllllllll LED DETAIL ON ONLINE FROM WEB SITE (http://www. sony. co. in/product/kdl-46hx925/overview) Utilizing Customer Feedback *

Operation anagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation anagement - Essay Example 7-Eleven has retained its competitive edge by continually refining inventory to meet the changing needs to its customers. Today, stores sell everything from fresh deli sandwiches to prepaid telephone cards, and store managers closely monitor inventory to see how fast each product is moving off the shelves. Ultimately, the inventory in any given store is determined by customer demand at that specific location. 7-eleven manages its store inventory through a centralized item master that maintains price and product information for every item its stores sell. The information is being forwarded to 7-eleven's suppliers to enable buyers and vendors to more easily communicate electronically. The item master with a larger enterprise system, manage prices on each item, in every store, in real time, allowing the company to respond quickly to changing market conditions. 7-Eleven is also using a e-procurement for store equipment and other supplies. Previously when the company wanted to upgrade or replace equipment, it would contact a few known vendors, request a price, and choose the lowest offer. Today 7-eleven is implementing the use of the Procurement solution. It enables 7-eleven to reach literally dozens of global suppliers with a single detailed Request for Proposal form, and then hold an online auction that determines the absolute best available price. It'